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1. Question: A patient receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer develops nausea, vomiting, and jaundice. The nurse practitioner suspects that the chemotherapy drugs might be causing liver toxicity. This is an example of cell injury due to which of the following mechanisms? Group of answer choices
2. Question: An elder adult female patient with a history of diabetes, hypertension, and recent hip replacement surgery presents with a swollen, painful left Which of the following risk factors is most likely to have contributed to the development of deep venous thrombosis in this patient? Group of answer choices
3. Question: A middle-aged female patient presents to the clinic with sudden onset shortness of breath and chest She has a history of recent surgery for a broken leg and has been on bed rest for several days. On physical examination, her heart rate is elevated, and she appears anxious. A D-dimer test is ordered and returns significantly elevated. The patient is transferred to the nearby hospital and the report of a CT pulmonary angiogram reveals the presence of a pulmonary embolism. What is the clinical significance of the elevated D-dimer levels in this case? Group of answer choices
4. Question: Which organelle within a plasma cell is primarily responsible for the synthesis of immunoglobulins? Group of answer choices
5. Question: Which of the following is a hallmark of metabolic acidosis commonly seen in Type 1 diabetes? Group of answer choices
6. Question: Which of the following is the underlying cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
7. During an assessment of coronary artery disease severity using cardiac catheterization, a patient is found to have a significant stenosis in the proximal left anterior descending artery. At what percentage of luminal narrowing is the stenosis typically considered to be critical? Group of answer choices
8. Question: A child presents to the clinic with sudden onset of red, itchy, raised welts on her skin that appeared after eating a meal containing shellfish. She is not having any difficulty breathing or swallowing, and her vitals are stable. What is the most likely diagnosis in this case? Group of answer choices
9. Question: Central sleep apnea (CSA) differs from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in that: Group of answer choices
10. Question: Which of the following infections is associated with an increased risk for gastric cancer? Group of answer choices
11. Question: What is a direct consequence of the decreased number of nephrons in chronic kidney disease (CKD)? Group of answer choices
12. Question: Which of the following statements accurately describes the pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD)? Group of answer choices
13. Question: Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) produced? Group of answer choices
14. Question: A middle-aged adult patient with a history of recurrent respiratory infections presents with chronic cough, excessive sputum production, and Physical examination reveals coarse crackles on auscultation, and a chest CT scan shows dilated bronchi with thickened walls and mucous plugging. Which of the following best describes the likely diagnosis? Group of answer choices
15. Question: An adult patient arrives at the emergency department with widespread hives, difficulty breathing, and a sensation of throat tightening minutes after eating a shrimp cocktail. Vital signs show a blood pressure of 80/60 mmHg, heart rate of 128 beats per minute, and respiratory rate of 25 breaths per minute. Which immunoglobulin is most likely mediating this patient’s condition? Group of answer choices
16. Question: What is the predominant type of T cell implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn disease? Group of answer choices
17. Question: What is a cardiac adaptation in response to hypertension? Group of answer choices
18. Question: A middle-aged female patient with a history of systemic sclerosis presents to her cardiologist’s office with complaints of increasing fatigue, shortness of breath, and chest discomfort during physical The physician suspects pulmonary hypertension and needs to accurately measure the pulmonary arterial pressure. What is the most appropriate diagnostic method for assessing pulmonary arterial pressure in this patient? Group of answer choices
19. Question: The mucosal damage observed in celiac disease is primarily the result of: Group of answer choices
20. Question: In immune checkpoint myocarditis, a rare but serious complication of cancer immunotherapy, the use of drugs that inhibit CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways can lead to unintended cardiac effects. What is the primary mechanism by which these drugs contribute to the development of myocarditis? Group of answer choices
21. Question: In the context of type 1 diabetes, what does a low level of C-peptide in the blood typically indicate? Group of answer choices
22. Question: Which of the following conditions is characterized by organ atrophy resulting from a reduction in cell number? Group of answer choices
23. Question: A middle-aged patient arrived at the clinic with an abrupt onset of chest pain and shortness of breath, exhibiting hypotension and a pulse oximeter reading of 85% saturation. Subsequent assessment revealed significantly elevated D-dimer levels. Consequently, the patient was urgently transported by ambulance to a nearby hospital, where a chest CT scan confirmed the presence of a massive pulmonary What is the most likely source of this pulmonary embolus? Group of answer choices
24. Question: A middle-aged adult patient, previously diagnosed with bronchiectasis, is visiting the nurse practitioner due to an increase in sputum The NP contemplates the need to assess and quantify the patient’s sputum production. Which of the following methods is frequently employed for this purpose in routine clinical practice? Group of answer choices
25. Question: A young adult female patient presents with dysuria, frequency, and She has no significant medical history and is not pregnant. Which one of the following organisms is the most common cause of her symptoms? Group of answer choices
26. Question: Outside of acute episodes, the airways of most patients with asthma are typically: Group of answer choices
27. Question: During rapid deceleration trauma, such as from a vehicular collision, where is an aortic dissection most likely to occur? Group of answer choices
28. Question: What is the role of cytochrome C in cellular injury? Group of answer choices
29. Question: Which of the following does NOT confirm a diagnosis of diabetes? Group of answer choices
30. Question: Which of the following is NOT typically a risk factor for the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease? Group of answer choices
31. Question: Which of the following factors is primarily responsible for the pathophysiology of nephrolithiasis? Group of answer choices
32. Question: A prolonged state of hypoxia in a patient’s cells will eventually lead to which of the following? Group of answer choices
33. Question: A patient presents with sudden chest pain, diaphoresis, and nausea. ECG shows ST- segment elevations consistent with inferior wall Which coronary artery is most likely occluded in this patient? Group of answer choices
34. Question: During the coagulation process, thrombin enzymatically cleaves several factors to activate them. Which of the following is NOT cleaved by thrombin? Group of answer choices
35. Question: A middle-aged construction worker presents with a chronic cough, wheezing, and shortness of He reports significant exposure to dust and fumes at his workplace over the years. Spirometry demonstrates diminished lung compliance. A chest X-ray shows diffuse fibrosis. What is the significance of this progression in the context of lung disease? Group of answer choices
36. Question: When blood flow is restored after a period of ischemia, there is increased recruitment of inflammatory cells. How do these cells contribute to ischemia-reperfusion injury? Group of answer choices
37. Question: On a cellular level, the chronic inflammatory state and repeated infections associated with COPD can lead to cellular hypertrophy. Which of the following describes this response? Group of answer choices
38. Question: Which of the following is NOT typically caused by a large pituitary tumor? Group of answer choices
39. Question: A patient presents with symptoms of severe liver damage, and their medical history reveals an excessive use of acetaminophen over the past few days. Which of the following best describes the mechanism for cellular injury in this patient? Group of answer choices
40. Question: What are the clinical features of hypoparathyroidism related to calcium levels? Group of answer choices
41. Question: Which of the following is a true about hypoxia and ischemia? Group of answer choices
42. Question: During a cholecystectomy, it is crucial to correctly identify the cystic duct before resection to prevent injury to the common bile What is the anatomical relationship of the cystic duct to the common bile duct? Group of answer choices
43. Question: A patient presents with left lower quadrant abdominal pain, fever, vomiting, and leukocytosis. These clinical features are most indicative of which condition? Group of answer choices
44. Question: All of the following can affect the normal range of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels EXCEPT: Group of answer choices
45. Question: A patient with a history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) presents with sudden-onset shortness of breath, chest pain, and an increased heart rate. She has been on anticoagulant therapy for the past few months due to the DVT. A CT pulmonary angiogram confirms the presence of a pulmonary embolism. In the context of this patient’s pulmonary embolism, what is the role of plasmin? Group of answer choices
46. Question: A patient with a severe bacterial infection is treated with a high dose of an antibiotic that inadvertently damages the mitochondrial membrane in some of her cells. What is the most immediate consequence of this damage? Group of answer choices
47. Question: Which of the following statements accurately describes hypertrophy? Group of answer choices
48. Question: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by which of the following? Group of answer choices
49. Question: In the context of pyelonephritis, scarring is often seen in a pyramidal shape within the renal What anatomical structure corresponds to this pattern of scarring? Group of answer choices
50. Question: What effect occurs when blood flow is reestablished in tissues that have suffered a partial injury? Group of answer choices
51. Question: A female patient is in her third trimester of The observed increase in uterine size is primarily due to: Group of answer choices
52. Question: A patient with diverticulosis presents with brisk, bright red bleeding per rectum. The patient denies any abdominal Which term accurately describes this presentation, and where is the most likely source of the bleeding? Group of answer choices
53. Question: Which of the following statements best describes the Glagov phenomenon in the context of atherosclerotic disease? Group of answer choices
54. Question: Which endocrine disorder is associated with decreased bone resorption and consequent thickening of the bone (osteosclerosis)? Group of answer choices
55. Question: A middle-aged adult patient, a former smoker with a history of recurrent respiratory infections, presents with a chronic cough and increased sputum The patient reports multiple episodes of pneumonia over the past few years. On physical examination, coarse crackles are heard on lung auscultation. Chest imaging reveals dilated bronchi with thickened walls and mucous plugging. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events that led to this condition? Group of answer choices
56. Question: Which condition can individuals with type 2 diabetes develop that is typically not seen in those with type 1 diabetes? Group of answer choices
57. Question: Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the concept of opposite reactions working together to maintain homeostasis in the human body? Group of answer choices
58. Question: Which immunosuppressive medication is commonly utilized to prevent rejection after organ transplantation and operates primarily through the inhibition of the mTOR pathway, which is instrumental in regulating the transcription and translation of autophagy-related genes (Atg)? Group of answer choices
59. Question: A patient with normal renal function suddenly experiences an increase in systemic blood pressure. Which intrinsic mechanism is most likely to occur to maintain a constant glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? Group of answer choices
60. Question: Which of the following is NOT a classic clinical characteristic of diabetes? Group of answer choices
61. Question: What clinical significance does the term “pulmonary shunt” hold in the context of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)? Group of answer choices
62. Question: Which of the following statements is accurate regarding asthma? Group of answer choices
63. Question: An elder adult patient with a history of chronic bronchitis is admitted to the ICU with exacerbated respiratory distress. He is producing a significant amount of thick mucus. Despite aggressive treatment, he becomes increasingly hypoxemic, and a chest x-ray reveals a new area of lung collapse (atelectasis). Which mechanism best explains why one or more segments of the patient’s lungs have lost volume or collapsed due to failure in routinely clearing the airway mucus? Group of answer choices
64. Question: Which of the following is the 1st-line treatment for a patient experiencing anaphylaxis? Group of answer choices
65. Question: A patient presents with sudden chest pain, diaphoresis, and nausea. ECG shows ST- segment elevations consistent with a lateral myocardial Which coronary artery is most likely occluded in this patient? Group of answer choices
66. Question: What is the predominant type of T cell implicated in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis? Group of answer choices
67. Question: Which statement accurately describes the change in pressure gradient across the valve in calcific aortic stenosis? Group of answer choices
68. Question: A nurse practitioner is reviewing the effects of angiotensin II as part of the pathophysiology of Which of the following effects is NOT directly attributed to angiotensin II? Group of answer choices
69. Question: How do diabetes mellitus and hypertension primarily affect renal blood vessels long- term? Group of answer choices
70. Question: An elder adult female patient with a 40-year history of smoking presents to the clinic with complaints of progressive shortness of breath over the past several years. She notes that her breathlessness is most pronounced when climbing stairs or carrying groceries. She denies any chest pain, chronic cough, or significant sputum production. Physical examination reveals a barrel chest and decreased breath sounds with prolonged expiration. Pulmonary function tests are ordered. Considering the likely diagnosis, what would be the most likely finding on the Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide (DLCO) test? Group of answer choices
71. Question: A patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents to the emergency department with increased shortness of breath and cyanosis. Arterial blood gas analysis reveals low oxygen levels. This patient’s cells are at risk of injury due to which of the following mechanisms? Group of answer choices
72. Question: Which statement correctly describes the onset of calcific aortic stenosis in individuals with bicuspid versus tricuspid aortic valves? Group of answer choices
73. Question: Which of the following findings is NOT typical for chronic bronchitis? Group of answer choices
74. Question: Autophagy serves a variety of cellular functions but is NOT responsible for which of the following? Group of answer choices
75. Question: An elder adult patient presents with orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and bilateral ankle swelling. Echocardiography demonstrates decreased left ventricular motion and ejection fraction, but normal valve function. These findings are most indicative of which type of cardiac pathology? Group of answer choices
76. Question: In pulmonary hypertension, which of the following alterations in the pulmonary arteries is NOT typically anticipated? Group of answer choices
77. Question: Which of the following symptoms would NOT typically be associated with a lower extremity deep vein thrombosis? Group of answer choices
78. Question: Which of the following coronary arteries primarily supplies blood to the left ventricle and interventricular septum? Group of answer choices
79. Question: A middle-aged former coal miner presents with worsening shortness of breath and a history of prolonged exposure to coal dust in the workplace. What is a common characteristic seen in individuals with this work history? Group of answer choices
80. Question: Which of the following etiologies is most commonly associated with aortic dissection in the general population? Group of answer choices
81. Question: A microscopic analysis of an atherosclerotic plaque most likely reveals which of the following components as the central core? Group of answer choices
82. Question: Which of the following cellular organelles is primarily responsible for generating the energy needed for cellular functions? Group of answer choices
83. Question: Which of the following is the most likely cardiac manifestation to occur in patients with hyperthyroidism? Group of answer choices
84. Question: Why is an increased influx of calcium into an injured cell problematic in ischemia- reperfusion injury? Group of answer choices
85. Question: Patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome should be investigated for: Group of answer choices
86. Question: What is the primary objective of a cell in maintaining homeostasis? Group of answer choices
87. Question: A young female patient presents with jaundice, and laboratory tests reveal an elevated reticulocyte count, low haptoglobin, and high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, indicating hemolysis. Which form of bilirubin is most likely to be elevated in this patient? Group of answer choices
88. Question: According to Starling’s law, what is the expected initial physiological response of the ventricles to an increased volume of blood returning to the heart? Group of answer choices
89. Question: A child patient presents with a 12-hour history of progressively worsening abdominal pain, now localized to the right lower quadrant, accompanied by nausea. On physical examination, the patient exhibits rebound tenderness at McBurney’s Which of the following is the most likely etiology for their condition? Group of answer choices
90. Question: In infective endocarditis, valvular vegetations are formed from an aggregation of various components. Which of the following is the correct combination that constitutes these vegetations? Group of answer choices
91. Question: Which histological layer of the blood vessels is correctly matched with its primary component? Group of answer choices
92. Question: Beginning with the trachea’s division into the right and left main bronchi, approximately how many orders of branching in the bronchial tree occur before air reaches the alveoli? Group of answer choices
93. Question: A patient is brought to the clinic by their spouse, who reports that for several months, they have noticed the patient experiencing daytime sleepiness and fatigue. The nurse practitioner is concerned about obstructive sleep Which of the following would be diagnostically helpful for the nurse practitioner to inquire about from the spouse? Group of answer choices
94. Question: Rheumatic fever is an example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction? Group of answer choices
95. Question: What is the primary function of lymphatic vessels? Group of answer choices
96. Question: A middle-aged adult with a 32-pack-year smoking history presents with shortness of breath, with episodes of wheezing, which has become worse in the past few months. A chest X-ray reveals hyperinflation of the lungs and flattened diaphragms. If a biopsy were taken of the patient’s lungs, what changes would most likely be observed under the microscope? Group of answer choices
97. Question: After an endothelial injury in a blood vessel, what is the immediate response that initiates the repair process? Group of answer choices
98. Question: Which of the following findings is an example of cardiac remodeling that occurs in response to chronic heart failure? Group of answer choices
99. Question: Which of the following is NOT characteristic of asthma? Group of answer choices
100. Question: When discussing the prognosis of aortic stenosis with a patient, which 3 clinical manifestations are traditionally mentioned as indicators of poor prognosis? Group of answer choices