Description

1. During a surgical procedure, the surgeon is working close to the respiratory airways. A structure is identified that has cartilage and contains glands in its submucosa. This structure is most likely:
2. Which of the following changes in the airways is most likely responsible for the reversible airflow limitation seen in asthma?
3. An adult patient presents with persistent productive cough, dyspnea, and frequent respiratory infections. A high-resolution CT scan reveals dilated and thick-walled bronchi. Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis underlying these changes?
4. When a large pulmonary embolism occurs, what immediate effect does it most likely have on the cardiovascular system?
5. An older adult patient presents with a 10-year history of chronic cough and sputum production, particularly in the mornings. She has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 45 years but quit last year. Spirometry indicates a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio of 0.65. Which of the following pathophysiological processes is most directly responsible for the excessive mucus production observed in this condition?
6. In a suspected case of ARDS, a patient’s chest X-ray reveals diffuse bilateral infiltrates. The healthcare team is considering noncardiogenic pulmonary edema secondary to ARDS as the likely diagnosis. What is the primary effect of this type of pulmonary edema on lung function?
7. A spirometry report of a patient with a history of smoking shows a reduced FEV1/FVC ratio and a decreased diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO). These findings are consistent with emphysema. What cellular alteration in the lungs contributes to these findings?
8. Which of the following statements best distinguishes bronchiectasis from other obstructive lung diseases?
9. An older adult woman with chronic bronchitis presents for a routine check-up. Laboratory tests reveal an increased hematocrit. Which of the following best describes the cause of this laboratory abnormality?
10. An adult patient presents to the nurse practitioner with symptoms of a pulmonary embolism. Which physiologic changes are likely occurring?