Description

1. Which of the following cellular mechanisms is most directly involved in the pathogenesis of myocarditis?
2. An adult patient presents with fever and a new regurgitation murmur. Blood cultures reveal the presence of Streptococcus viridans, and an echocardiogram shows vegetations on the mitral valve. On examination, nontender, erythematous macules are present on her palms. What is the cause of this physical examination finding?
3. An adult patient with a history of chronic hepatitis C presents with a sudden onset of dark urine and lower extremity rash. A biopsy of the rash reveals deposits of immune complexes in small blood vessels. Which of the following best describes the primary response that results in tissue damage in this patient’s condition?
4. A young man with Marfan syndrome presents to the emergency department with sudden, sharp chest pain radiating to the back. Imaging studies reveal an intimal flap in the ascending aorta and a false lumen with differential flow. Which of the following histologic features of the aortic wall most likely predisposed this patient to the described condition?
5. A woman presents to the clinic with complaints of bulging, tortuous veins in her lower legs. She is on her feet 8 hours a day due to her job. Which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms is most responsible for the development of this abnormality?
6. A patient’s echocardiography demonstrates a significantly narrowed aortic valve orifice with left ventricular hypertrophy. Which major category of cardiac pathology best explains this condition?
7. Which of the following best describes the primary role of resistance vessels?
8. An elderly adult undergoes an echocardiogram as part of a cardiovascular evaluation. The nurse practitioner is focused on visualizing a valve with 2 leaflets that prevent backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium. Which valve is being visualized?
9. An elderly patient with a history of hypertension presents with shortness of breath and fatigue on exertion. An echocardiogram shows a thickened aortic valve with decreased leaflet mobility. Which molecular event is predominantly responsible for the cellular changes observed in the affected tissue?
10. An adult patient is being evaluated for secondary causes of hypertension due to resistant blood pressure and an onset of high blood pressure at an earlier age. He reports no family history of hypertension. Which of the following mechanisms can cause secondary hypertension?